years the approximations are more or less close, depending on the period of the record, while those obtained from less than 10 years are very probably to be viewed only as indicating the annual march of precipitation and, when compared with the values from the longer records, as representing in a general way the distribution of rainfall over a given area. The means for other elements, such as relative humidity, cloudiness, etc., can be assumed to be representative even when based on relatively meagre data. The extent of the series of observations is, of course, very important in regard to indications given by records of extremes; the values for stations with long records are good indices as to extreme range over a considerable area.-B. M. V.

Climatic Factors in the Agriculture of Louisiana and Southern

Mississippi

The Division of Agricultural Extension of Louisiana State University, has issued Circular No. 89, Part 2, July, 1926, under the above title. The author is W. F. McDonald of the U. S. Weather Bureau Office at New Orleans. After discussing the general significance of climate in this connection and the climatic factors of greatest importance to agriculture, the author presents a brief summary of the climate of the region dealt with, and then proceeds to a discussion of the application of climatic facts to agricultural production in the New Orleans trade. This is given in separate sections on cotton, corn, cane, and rice, followed by a section on the frost hazards for fruit and truck. In a concluding section, Mr. McDonald emphasizes the point that the study of climate and crop relations are of importance as an aid to the efforts of agriculturists in the region in getting away from the one crop system which has proved itself no longer economically safe, and suggests that interested persons could make much fuller use of the vast amount of pertinent data which the Weather Bureau has collected.-B. M. V.

Rainfall in New England

The New England Water Works Association has just published in its Journal (vol. 40, p. 178-247, 1926) a brief discussion of New England rainfall data by X. H. Goodnough, Chief Engineer, Massachusetts Dept. of Public Health, and tables of rainfall 1921 to 1925. Earlier data were published in the Journal in 1915 and 1921. Mr. Goodnough's discussion includes some interesting comment on the sizes and heights of raingages on the amount of catch. The larger, lower gages have been found to catch from about 3 to 13 per cent more than the 8-inch standard. The larger gages were generally 14 to 15 inches in diameter and their tops 18 inches above the ground, while the standard were at about 33 inches above the ground. A close comparison between a gage of 40 inches' diameter and one of 8, both at a height of 33 inches, showed no appreciable difference, the bigger gage catching 0.5 per cent more than the standard. When, however, the standard gage was set inside the large gage its catch became 2.5 per cent greater than that of the large one.

The data presented includes not only what the Weather Bureau could provide, but also reports not filed with the Bureau. This inclusiveness, coupled with the critical consideration of the natures and exposures of

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3. Any person, corporation or other organization interested in the aims of the Society may be elected to membership. Members have all the privileges of fellows except that they shall not hold office.

4. Honorary members shall be persons of acknowledged pre-eminence in meteorology. Residents of the Western Hemisphere shall not be eligible to honorary membership. Honorary members shall have all the privileges of other members, except that they may not vote nor hold office. They shall be exempt from all dues and assessments.

ARTICLE IV-ELECTION OF FELLOWS AND MEMBERS

1. For the election of a new fellow of the Society, or for the transfer of a member to fellowship, it shall be necessary that a nomination, in due form, signed by two fellows of the Society, shall be submitted to the Secretary. A nomination so presented shall be submitted by the Secretary to all the members of the Council. For election to fellowship, the nominee shall receive the favorable votes of not less than three-fourths of the entire membership of the Council.

2. For the election of a new member, a candidate nominated by any fellow or member, must be favorably known and must receive the majority vote of the entire membership of the Council.

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ARTICLE VOFFICERS.

The officers of the Society shall be a President, a Vice-President, a Secretary, and a Treasurer. One person may be Secretary and Treasurer simultaneously, though each office is to be filled by a separate vote. 2. These officers, in addition to the duties specifically assigned to them by the Constitution and By-laws, shall discharge any other duties incident to their respective offices.

ARTICLE VI-COUNCIL.

The officers, the last two ex-presidents, and a total of fifteen other fellows of the Society, to be elected in the manner specified in Article VII, shall constitute a Council, which shall have general charge of the affairs of the Society.

ARTICLE VII-ELECTION OF OFFICERS.

1. Officers and councilors of the Society shall be elected by ballot at the annual meeting each year. On or before October 1 each year the President shall appoint a nominating committee of three. The committee shall nominate one or two fellows for each office, obtain the written consent of the nominees, and report such nominations to the Secretary before November 1. This report shall be sent at once to each voting member and fellow of the Society. Additional nominations made in writing by not less than twenty members and fellows shall be included in the ballot if received by the Secretary before November 20, and if the nominee gives his written consent. By December 1 the Secretary shall send to each voting member and fellow of the Society the ballot containing the nominations by committee and others as provided above. Ballots may be cast by mail or in person prior to the closing of the polls at the annual meeting. The majority of all votes cast shall be necessary for election. In case of failure to secure a majority for any office, the fellows and members present at the annual meeting shall ballot as many more times as may be required to poll for one candidate for the office a majority of those present.

2. The Council shall be so constituted that a majority of its members shall not belong professionally to the same institution.

3. The term of office of the President and the Vice-President shall be two years, and neither shall be eligible to succeed himself. The term of office for Secretary and Treasurer shall be one year, and for councilors three years.

3. A request in writing from five members of the Council shall render the convocation of the Council obligatory.

4. At any meeting of the Council regularly called five shall constitute a quorum. Any fellow or member of the Society may be invited by such quorum to represent in the Council, for the time being, absent members thereof.

ARTICLE IV-PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.

It shall be the duty of the President to deliver an address before the Society at the Annual Meeting next succeeding his first election as President of the Society.

ARTICLE V-PAPERS.

1. Only those titles of papers shall be listed on the preliminary program of a meeting of the Society for which abstracts, ready for publication, are in the hands of the Secretary. The Council shall be empowered to reject, or to order read by title, or in abstract, any paper submitted for the program of a meeting.

2. A separate program shall be announced for each session, due allowance being made for the discussion. Each session shall begin with the papers announced for that session, even when the program of the preceding session has not been completed. Short papers will, in general, come first in each session.

3. When two or more papers are offered by the same fellow or member, one only of these, unless there is sufficient time, will be assigned a place on the regular program, the others being placed in a supplementary program, to be called for, if time permits.

4. Papers received after the program has been printed will be placed in the supplementary program.

5. Except by special action of the officers in charge of a meeting, or by vote of the Society, the time allowed for the presentation of a paper shall be that stipulated by the author and alloted for it on the program. The presiding officer, after giving two minutes' notice, shall enforce this By-Law.

ARTICLE VI-JOURNALS.

1. All fellows and members of the Society in full standing shall receive the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, published monthly by the Society, under the supervision of the Council.

2. The Secretary shall arrange to have the Monthly Weather Review go to all contributing and sustaining fellows and members, and patrons; he shall pay the Superintendent of Documents enough for this purpose. Anyone may arrange directly with the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, or indirectly with him through the Secretary of the Society, to receive the Monthly Weather Review at the official prices (15 cents a copy, $1.50 a year, in 1922).

3. The Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society shall not be sent to newly elected members until the dues have been paid.