emigrants become more generally known, it is fairly presumable that numbers of the coloured people, who have means, will emigrate at their own expense; and that many benevolent citizens will, as has already been done in various instances, defray the passage of their slaves. All these circumstances will tend to diminish the public burdens. Taking these considerations into view, it cannot be denied, that, to average the whole, young and old, at 25 dollars, cannot be far from the truth. The increase is about 3 1-2 per cent. per annum. On the present population it is equal to about 75 or 80,000, annually. If it were intended to keep this population to its present standard, it would require $2,000,000 annually. But we will confine ourselves to an emigration of 50,000, which would require $1,200,000; or even 25,000, which would require about $600,000. Any of these emigrations would greatly mitigate the public danger. The sums are large, and would require considerable sacrifices. But was any great object ever attained without great sacrifiees? We were able, in a comparatively feeble state, to raise $100,000,000 in a year and a half, for the support of a war, and our revenue has for years been from 23 to 27,000,000 of dollars. The direct tax of the State of Pennsylvania in the year 1815 was $730,958, and of Virginia $738,036, which was paid without any oppression of the citizens of either. And surely with an overflowing treasury; if reason and common sense have fair play, it would not be very difficult to procure an amendment of the constitution, if such an amendment be necessary, which is much doubted by many of our citizens, authorising the appropriation of a sum ne cessary for this purpose, to be ratified, according to the terms of the constitution, by three-fourths of the States. And never did a nation appropriate money for a more valuable purpose. There are twelve non-slave-holding States. There can be no doubt that these would ratify such an amendment; and from the prevalence of the conviction in Maryland, Virginia and North Carolina, of the dangers that menace the country from this source, their immediate concurrence might be calculated on, and the consent of one more would probably be had in a year or two, as the subject came to be more fully discussed, and of consequence better understood. Manumissions. Among the most promising and encouraging circumstances attending the career of this Society, are the numerous manumissions that have taken place in almost all the slave States, with the express condition of the freed men being sent to Liberia. These manumissions have occurred on a scale that the most sanguine friends of the scheme could not have anticipated. Entire families have been blest with their freedom, from the most pure motives, a conviction of the injustice and immorality of slavery-and in many cases, ample provision has been made for the expense of their passage, and in some for their support in Liberia. They have been thus released from the debasement and degradation of slavery, and sent to the land of their fathers, to partake of all the happiness that freedom and the certainty of enjoying all the fruits of their labour, can inspire. It would be endless to enumerate the cases of this kind that have occurred.Some of them must be recorded, that the acts, and the names of the parties, where known, may have the applause to which they are entitled, and, what is of more consequence, that they may serve as stimuli to others to follow the noble example: A lady near Charlestown, Va. liberated all her slaves, ten in number, to be sent to Liberia, and moreover purchased two whose families were among her slaves. For the one she gave $450, and for the other $350. The late Wm. H. Fitzhugh bequeathed their freedom to all his slaves, after a certain fixed period, and ordered that their expenses should be paid to whatsoever place they should think proper to go. And, "as an encouragement to them to emigrate to the American Colony on the coast of Africa, where," adds the will, "I believe their happiness will be more permanently secured, I desire not only that the expenses of their emigration be paid, but that the sum of fifty dollars shall be paid to each one so emigrating on his or her arrival in Africa." David Shriver, of Frederick co. Maryland, ordered by his will, that all his slaves, thirty in number, should be emancipated, and that proper provision should be made for the comfortable support of the infirm and aged, and for the instruction of the young in reading, writing and arithmetic, and in some art or trade by which they might acquire the means of support. Col. Smith, an old revolutionary officer, of Sussex co. Va. ordered in his will, that all his slaves, seventy or eighty in number, should be emancipated, and bequeathed upwards of $5000 to defray the expense of transporting them to Liberia. Patscy Morris, of Louisa co. Va. directed by will, that all her slaves, sixteen in number, should be emancipated, and left $500 to fit them out, and defray the expenses of their passage. The schooner Randolph, which sailed from Georgetown, S. C. had on board 26 slaves liberated by a benevolent individual near Cheraw. Of 105 emigrants who sailed in the brig Doris from Baltimore and Norfolk, 62 were emancipated on condition of being conveyed to Liberia. Sampson David, late a member of the Legislature of Tennessee, provided by will that all his slaves, 22 in number, who are mostly young, should be liberated in 1840, or sooner, at his wife's decease, if she died before that period. Herbert B. Elder, of Petersburg, Va. bequeathed their freedom to all his slaves, twenty in number, with directions that they should be conveyed to Liberia, by the first opportunity. A gentleman (the late Dr. Bradley) in Georgia has recently left 49 slaves free on condition of their removal to Liberia. In this, I had almost said Divine work of benevolence, the Society of Friends, as in many other cases, have nobly distinguished themselves, and assumed a prominent attitude. They have, in North Carolina, liberated no less than 652 slaves, whom they had under their care, besides, as says my authority, an unknown number of children, husbands and wives, that were connected with them by consanguinity. In the performance of these acts of benevolence, they expended $12,769.They had remaining under their care, in Dec. 1830, 402 slaves, for whom the same arrangements were to be made. African Repository, Dec. 1830, page 319. It holds out every encouragement to the Colonization Society, that the applications for the transportation of free negroes and slaves proposed to be emancipated on condition of removal to Liberia, far exceed its means. There are in North Carolina and the adjacent States, from three to four thousand of both descriptions, ready to embark, were the Society in a situation to send them away. [In addition to these instances mentioned by Mr. Carey, several others might be added, particularly that of Richard Bibb, Esq. of Kentucky, who proposes to send sixty slaves to Liberia-two gentlemen in Missouri, who desire to send eleven slaves-a lady in Kentucky offers 40-the Rev. John C. Burress, of Alabama, who intends preparing all his slaves for colonization--the Rev. William L. Breckenridge, of Kentucky, manumitted 11 slaves, which sailed a few weeks ago from New Orleans-the Rev. Wm. Jones, and Dr. Stephen Jones, of Kentucky, have also tendered to the Society, all their slaves, amounting to 38 in number-and besides these, the Society has received information that many others are looking to Liberia as the ultimate asylum of those slaves whose interests are dear to them, and for whose benefit they are willing to make almost any pecuniary sacrifice.] The declarations of Legislatures and other assembled bodies in favour of the Colonization Scheme. The Colonization Society has, by perseverance and by the intrinsic merit of ita views, at length "won golden opinions" from the greater part of the nation. The Legislatures of thirteen States, New Hampshire, Vermont, Connecticut, New-Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, Georgia, Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio and Indiana, have passed resolutions approving of the object of the Society, and recommending the system of foreign colonization. Eleven of those States have instructed their Senators, and requested their Representatives in Congress to pro. mote, in the general government, measures for removing such free persons of colour as are desirous of emigrating to Africa. And nearly all the ecclesiastical bodies in the United States have, by resolutions, firmly expressed their opinion, that the Society merits the consideration and favour of the whole christian community, and earnest ly recommended it to their patronage. Commerce and Productions. The commerce of Liberia, as yet in its infancy, is respectable, and increasing annually. The exports are rice, palm oil, ivory, tortoise shell, dye wood, gold, hides, wax and coffee. Coffee and cotton grow spontaneously. Indigo and the sugar cane succeed, and will be cultivated to advantage. Camwood is abundant, and mahogany grows at the Cape. The timber of Liberia is various and durable, and well adapted to building. The imports consist of an assortment of the productions of Europe, the West Indies, and America. The port of Monrovia is seldom clear of European and American vessels, loading or unloading. A trading company has been formed at Monrovia, with a capital of $1000; and an agreement entered into, that no dividend shall be made until the profits increase the capital to $20,000. The stock has risen from 50 to 75 on transfer shares. A colonist, of the name of Waring, had sold goods to the amount of $70,000, in the year 1830. The sales of Mr. Devany, the sheriff, amounted to between 24 and $25,000, in 1830; and his property was worth about $20,000, made during the seven years in which he has resided in Monrovia. The commerce of the Colony during the last year, has greatly exceeded that of any former year. Within that period 46 vessels visited the port, of which 21 1 were Americans, and a majority of the remainder English. The exports amounted to nearly 90,000 dollars, and the merchandise and produce on hand, amounted to about 23,000 dollars. Africa before the Irruption of the Barbarians. Those who argue, from the present state of the colored population of this country, against the prospect of a high degree of civilization in Africa, reason from very imperfeot data. Here the colored people have labored, and still labor, under almost every possible disadvantage. In most of the southern states, slaves are debarred from the attainment of the slightest rudiments of knowledge. And even in states free from slavery, the colored people have little opportunity of cultivation. Condemned by poverty, almost universally, to the lowest occupations, they have neither time nor means to improve themselves. But they will not suffer much, on a fair comparison with whites of the same grade. The best criterion, however, by which to judge, is the progress they have made in Liberia, where they escape the degradation to which they are exposed here. Of their improvement in morals, and manners, and habits, the testimony of Captains Sherman and Nicholson, from which I have made slight quotations in the preceding pages, precludes all doubt. It may be confidently stated, that few of the American colonies made greater advances in the same space of time than they have done in the seven years that have elapsed since the establishment of order and good government in 1824.The distance between the Colonists at Liberia and the civilized inhabitants of Europe at present, is not so great as between the former and some parts of Europe in olden time, when the latter painted their bodies, had no chimneys to their houses, lay upon straw on the ground, covered themselves with skins fastened with skewers, and were tenants in common with the pigs which partook of the hospitality of their houses. Africa, though brutalized by wars, the invasions of barbarians, and the most grinding despotism, was once on as proud an eminence in point of civilization, as any part of Europe. Carthage contended for the supremacy with Rome for one hundred and twenty years-and, but for domestic factions, the bane of republics, would probably have subjugated Italy. The destruction of the Carthaginian annals by the Romans renders it impossible to enumerate any of her great men, except her warriors. Rome neyer produced a greater general than Hannibal, Some of his relations were men of great talents in the same department. Jugurtha was superior to most of the Romans who were sent against him. Terence, the dramatist, was an African. Christianity and civilization were early introduced into Africa. There were several provincial councils held there. At one of them, held in Carthage, in 397, the canon of the Roman Catholic Bible was settled. Another was held in the same place in 410-and two others at Milevi. In the fifth century, the number of Catholic Bishops in Africa was four hundred. Origen, Tertullian, Cyprian and Augustine, among the great lights of Christianity in their day, were Africans. And it is not too much to expect that future Hannibals and Terrences and Cyprians and Augustines will arise to defend and illuminate that now benighted country.Should such a result take place, the merit will belong to the illustrious founders of the American Colonization Society Effects of the Colonization Scheme on the Slave Trade, with a slight Sketch of that nefarious Traffic. Among the striking advantages attending the Colony at Liberia, is the check it has given to the slave trade already, and the probable suppression, ultimately, of that nefarious traffic on a large portion of the western coast of Africa by the gradual extension of the settlements. Before the establishment of the settlements at Liberia, there were several slave factories within a few miles of the place, all of which have been completely broken up. Four or five years back, there was not a single factory from Sierra Leone to Cape Mount, a distance of 100 miles; and 120 miles, from Cape Mount to Trade Town, the whole of the coast of Liberia.More recently, a factory has been established at Cape Mount, forty-five miles from Monrovia, where the trade is carried on briskly. But it is probable, as soon as the Colony gains more strength, this nest of kidnappers and traders in human flesh and human suffering, will be extirpated. The African chiefs, in the neighbourhood of Liberia, have generally voluntarily abandoned the traffic, finding they can supply themselves with what articles they want, of European and West India goods, by the sale of their own domestic productions. Some of them have put themselves under the protection of the Colony. To du'y appreciate the advantages of this result, it is only necessary to reflect for a moment on the horrors of this nefarious traffic; and although it has been presented times without number, to the execration of mankind, I may be permitted to take a bird's eye view of it. The number of slaves kidnapped in 1824, was 120,000. And the number imported into the single port of Rio for nine years, 1820-8, has been 264,964. In 1820, 15,020 126,369 In 1825, 26,254 264,964 [Walsh's notices of Brazil, vol. 1. p. 178. It has been ascertained, beyond the possibility of doubt, notwithstanding the efforts of the chief maritime powers of Europe, and those of the United States, to suppress this traffic, that from the two towns, Muney and Pangas, there have been 352 cargoes of slaves taken, in little more than a year. It has been estimated that one-third, but say one-fifth, perish in the voyage; and that an equal number die after their landing, of diseases contracted on the voyage, or of grief for their forlorn situation. This would make an aggregate of above 300,000, doomed to destruction, or interminable slavery, for one single port! To heighten the enormity of this "sin crying to heaven for vengeance," it is ascertained that in cases of shortness of provision, the slaves are often remorselessly thrown overboard. On board a vessel, some time since, thirty nine negroes became blind, and twelve had lost an eye. They were thrown into the fathomless ocean. A single vessel, the Protector, took on board at Mozambique, 807 slaves, of whom 339 died on the voyage The Maria Primiera, a Portuguese ship, took on board upwards of 500 slaves. This number was reduced to 403, in consequence of extreme crowding, before she was captured, and brought into Sierra Leone. Nearly one hundred more died soon after, from diseases contracted on board. - Transactions of London Af. Ass'n. The following heart-rending picture of the slave trade has been drawn by Sir |