reflecting the spirit of the governor's message and saying: "It is the sense of this body that the rights of our citizens should be held inviolate and that every man accused of crime should have a fair and impartial trial by a jury of his peers, and that those who would recklessly and grossly deny this right should be brought to swift and speedy justice." The resolution empowers the governor with the aid of the attorney general to take such means as in his judgment are necessary to bring the guilty parties to justice.

Connecticut ['03 ch.140] has passed a lawmaking cities or boroughs liable for injuries caused by a mob, in case reasonable care or diligence shall not have been exercised to suppress such mobs.

Kansas ['03 ch.221] has passed a law declaring "that any collection of individuals assembled for an unlawful purpose, intending to injure any person by violence and without authority of law, shall for the purpose of this act be regarded as a 'mob,' and any act of violence exercised by such mob upon the body of any person shall constitute the crime of 'lynching,' when such act or acts of violence result in death; that any person who participates or aids or abets such lynching upon conviction thereof, shall be imprisoned in the state prison for not more than five years or during life in the discretion of a jury." Persons who harbor or conceal those who have committed lynching or who participate in or aid the crime are deemed accessories after the fact and may be imprisoned from 2 to 21 years. The courts of any county in which the overt act is committed are given jurisdiction over the persons or any members of the mob residing in other counties. The sheriff who fails to furnish sufficient protection is to be removed, but may be reinstated by the governor. The sheriff may appeal to bystanders to arm themselves to protect the prisoner, and he may furnish arms or weapons for such purpose. The refusal of a bystander to assist the sheriff in defending such prisoners is a misdemeanor punishable by a fine of $100 to $1000 or imprisonment in the county jail for six months. If the sheriff has any reason to believe that a prisoner in his custody is in danger of being lynched and that he needs additional protection, it is made his duty to inform the governor and to ask for military aid.

Sunday observance. Florida has passed a law exempting newspapers from the provisions of Sunday laws. Minnesota prohibits the sale of uncooked meats, groceries, dry goods or clothing on Sunday, but fruits, confectionery, newspapers, drugs, medicines and surgical appliances "may be sold in a quiet and orderly manner." Oregon amends its law so as to permit theaters to be kept open on Sunday. South Carolina which formerly permitted fruit and vegetable trains to run from April to August inclusive now permits them to be run on any Sunday in the year. South Dakota has raised the penalty for Sabbath breaking (formerly $1) to $10. Washington prohibits the business of barbering on Sunday with a penalty of $10 fine and five days in the county jail for the first offense or a fine of $25 to $50 or imprisonment from 10 to 25 days in the county jail for each subsequent offense.

Other penalties

Many penalties are imposed in laws not included under the head of Crimes and Offenses or Miscellaneous Police Regulations. The catalogue of misdemeanors is largely increased by offenses relating to game and fish laws, the adulteration of food, the running of automobiles. While many laws relate to disturbing persons who are living, New Mexico protects the dead from disturbance by making it a misdemeanor to bury a person in a place where it is necessary to disturb the remains of a person previously buried.

Kansas makes it a misdemeanor to permit children under 18 to take part in public exhibitions of hypnotism. Many offenses under the liquor laws are created misdemeanors. South Dakota makes it a misdemeanor to compel one to submit to vaccination. Several states make nonsupport of family a misdemeanor, but Michigan catalogues it as a felony. In Tennessee it is made a misdemeanor to travel on or along the public or private levees and a felony to cause a break therein.

CORRECTIONS

GEORGE MCLAUGHLIN M. A. SECRETARY NEW YORK STATE COMMISSION

OF PRISONS

The general trend of legislation for 1903 relating to corrections and penal institutions was toward establishing separate institutions for the care of women and girls; further progress in restricting convict labor to the general state account system, and forbidding the sale of convict-made goods in the open market; increased effort to separate the criminal insane from other criminals and confine them in insane hospitals. Perhaps the most marked feature of legislation in this field during the year was the wider use of the limited indeterminate sentence, identical with the Elmira sentence in New York, and the adoption of the Massachusetts probation law, more or less modified, by many of the other states.

General supervision

In Virginia the law ['03 ch.171] providing for a state farm for convicts was modified by authorizing the surgeon and superintendent of the farm to be appointed by the board of directors instead of the governor; and by providing that the superintendent subject to the approval of the board shall appoint and may remove the prison guards; and further by providing that all laws for the government of the penitentiary shall be in force on the farm so far as practicable, and requiring the superintendent at the end of the fiscal year to take an inventory and make out a general account. In this state also the superintendent of the penitentiary with the approval of the board of directors was authorized to employ such assistant clerks as the needs of the service may require ['03 ch.172]. Heretofore the employment was by the board of directors. The law ['03 ch.175] relating to the management of the State Penitentiary, branch prisons and prison farm was amended by providing that the governor shall appoint, subject to confirmation by the Senate, a board of five directors which shall have the government and control of the penitentiary, branch prisons and prison farm subject to such regulations and requirements as may be prescribed by law. The term of office of one of the directors shall expire each year. Subsequent appointments shall be for five years. The board of directors shall appoint every four years a superintendent and surgeon for the penitentiary, and a superintendent and surgeon for the State Prison Farm.

Indiana provided for a prison commission of six members, three to be appointed by the governor for a term of two years, and the other three to consist of the warden of the State Prison, the superintendent of the State Reformatory, and the secretary of the State Board of Charities ['03 ch.243]. The duties of the commission are to investigate jail and workhouse conditions and prison labor for the purpose of formulating a plan for the solution of the prison labor problem. Each commissioner appointed by the governor shall receive a compensation of $5 a day for actual services, not to exceed $100 in any one year. An allowance of $800 was granted for expenses, and the commission was authorized to ap point a secretary and stenographer at a salary of not to exceed $15 a week, and not to exceed $200 in any one year.

In Missouri ['03 ch.59] the judge of the Circuit Court was authorized to appoint in his discretion, or on petition of 15 reputa ble citizens, a county board of visitors of three men and three women to inspect all corrective county or municipal institutions; the board on discovering injurious conditions to make complaint to court or officials having jurisdiction, also to make an annual report to secretary of State Board of Charities.

In Connecticut Governor Chamberlain in his annual message recommended that all the county jails be brought under the con trol of the State Commission of Prisons; that a state reformatory be established for offenders between 16 and 30 years of age; and that a system of suspended sentence with supervision by proba tion officers be adopted for treating juvenile offenders.

In California Governor Pardee in his message commends the present method of governing the state prisons through a board of directors appointed for long terms. In this state an act ['03 ch.190] was passed forbidding employment of inmates of state institutions in the manufacture of articles for private use of state officers or employees.

In New York an act ['03 ch.473] was passed amending the state charities law, requiring that the annual reports of the state institutions shall be filed with the fiscal supervisor on or before Dec. 1 in each year, and copies of the inventories of supplies on hand at the close of last year on or before Oct. 20; that supplies may be purchased on a credit of not exceeding 30 days (formerly for cash only); that contracts may be executed by the superintendent or stewards (formerly stewards only); that the fiscal supervisor (formerly the comptroller) and the board of managers shall determine as to advertisements for proposals for repairs and improvements to the institutions; and reports of visitation, and recommendations shall be made to the fiscal supervisor as well as to the governor and the State Board of Charities.

Penal institutions

In Arizona Governor Brodie in his annual message criticizes the Territorial Prison as at present constructed, compelling the mingling of all degrees of criminality, old and young, first offenders and hardened criminals, as exercising a disastrous influence against the success of reformative measures.

Governor Davis of Arkansas recommends that the management of the pentitentiary be placed in the hands of a board of business men appointed by the governor subject to confirmation by the Legislature, and criticizes the present management.

California passed an act ['03 ch.363] creating a state board of charities and corrections to inspect state and local charitable, correctional and penal institutions and make a biennial report to the governor; the act provides for an annual appropriation of $6000.

Governor Bailey of Kansas in his message to the Legislature questions the wisdom of longer taking care of Oklahoma prisoners.

In Kansas a law was enacted ['03 ch.39] forbidding convicts performing any labor for private citizens outside of the penitentiary grounds for hire or otherwise, and making it the duty of the warden to employ the surplus convict labor in extending and repairing state and county roads and other state work; also